Inequality and the Environment in Global History

I use historical data to examine how global commerce and colonial institutions affected living standards, inequality and the environment in South and Southeast Asia in the long run. By better understanding historical patterns of socio-political, economic and environmental change at detailed spatial scales, I aim to shed light on the complex paths that led to current societal problems pertaining to high levels of inequality and rapid degradation of the natural environment. Through my research I hope to explain how and why some structural problems persist over time as well as show opportunities for change in long-run developmental trajectories.

I studied history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the London School of Economics, Harvard University and Utrecht University. I received my MA from Utrecht University in 2010 (cum laude) and my PhD in 2015 (cum laude). My thesis won the Economic History Society’s Thirsk-Feinstein Prize for Best Dissertation in Economic and Social History in 2016. Since then I worked at Wageningen University on different research projects and publications.

Pim de Zwart
Position

Associate Professor of Economic and Environmental History, Wageningen University

Also

Research Affiliate, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London

Current project

Tragedy of the Tropics: Colonialism, Commons and Commodities in Southeast Asian Deforestation since 1850

NWO Vidi · 2025–2030 · with Angelo Galindo and Dea Iftina

We establish and explain long-run trends in deforestation in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines — thereby examining the role of global trade, colonial policy, and local political and social inequalities.

Previously

Unfair Trade? Globalization, Institutions and Inequality in Southeast Asia, 1830–1940

NWO Veni · 2018–2022

In this project I investigated how increasing global trade impacted economic inequality depending on local variations in institutions and crops.

Recent work

All publications

2026

‘From Conversion to Conservation: Frontier Expansion and Forests in the Eastern Salient of Colonial Java’, Environment and History

First view

2026

‘Between Famine and Freedom: Food Prices during the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945–49’, Economic History Review 79 (3): 1082-1107.

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2025

‘Real Wages across the World: Insights from Linear Programming and Accounting for Climate Differences’, Economics and Human Biology 59

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2024

‘The Last Free Traders? Interwar Trade Policy in the Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies’, Economic History Review 77 (3)

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